![]() ![]() This suggests that changes in isoflavone content and concentration in milk relate to diet, but also to metabolism in the rumen. The isoflavone formonoetin was significantly higher in CLV feed samples, but higher in raw GRS milk, while other smaller isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein, and apigenin were highly correlated to raw CLV milk. ![]() In the present study, significant differences were observed in the phytochemical profile of the different feed and milk samples. Previous studies have identified that feed type can influence the sensory perception of milk directly via the transfer of volatile aromatic compounds, or indirectly by the transfer of non-volatile substrates that act as precursors for volatile compounds. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the volatile profile, sensory perception, and phytochemical content of bovine milk produced from cows fed on three distinct feeding systems, namely grass (GRS), grass/clover (CLV), and total mixed ration (TMR). This review deals with isoflavone classification, structure, and occurrence, with their metabolism, biological, and health effects in humans and animals, and with their utilization and potential risks. On the other hand, isoflavones may also be considered endocrine disruptors with possible negative influences on the state of health in a certain part of the population or on the environment. Isoflavones are considered chemoprotective and can be used as an alternative therapy for a wide range of hormonal disorders, including several cancer types, namely breast cancer and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or menopausal symptoms. When they are consumed, they exert estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. The main dietary sources of isoflavones for humans are soybean and soybean products, which contain mainly daidzein and genistein. This review is focused on plant flavonoids isoflavones, which are ranked among the most estrogenic compounds. Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring nonsteroidal phenolic plant compounds that, due to their molecular structure and size, resemble vertebrate steroids estrogens. The method permitted the determination of the target analytes in all the considered milk samples as well as the detection of some major amphipathic fats indicating that the approach could potentially be applied in the future for further applications, such as milk profiling. Since the target compounds were determined as aglycones, the hydrolytic removal of the aglycone from the glycosides was performed. After solid phase microextraction, performed by direct immersion of a 65 μm-polydimethylsiloxane–divinylbenzene fiber in diluted (1:100 with 0.2% formic acid - 30% sodium chloride) milk samples (18 ☌ for 20 min under stirring), a direct on-fiber silylation with N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (70 ☌ for 20 min) was performed prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Currently, however, there is no standardized procedure for the sample preparation and analysis of isoflavones in milk.Ī new solvent-free method for the simultaneous determination of some major phytoestrogens (equol, enterodiol, daidzein, genistein, glycitein) in different commercial milks (cow, goat and soy-rice) was developed. The most commonly used analytical procedure is sample preparation involving liquid-liquid extraction and an enzymatic hydrolysis step followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. The review discusses individual steps of the analytical procedures described in these articles, including sample preparation, instrumental analysis and validation. For this review, a structured methodology was used to select 26 relevant articles published between 20 from the Scopus and CAB Abstract databases. ![]() These contradictory trends offer an attractive prospect for future research, and therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods are required to clarify various issues about isoflavones. ![]() Numerous health benefits have been attributed to isoflavones, but many of these compounds are also considered to be endocrine disruptors, with adverse effects on health. They form one of the most common categories of phytoestrogens. Isoflavones are secondary plant metabolites that are similar to 17 β-estradiol in chemical structure. This paper provides an update and comprehensive review of the analytical methods used for quantifying isoflavones and their metabolites in cow’s milk. ![]()
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